Prime
Suspect
by
Simone Wilson
Northern
California newspapers encouraged anti-Asian racism in the 1880's, particularly
against Chinese.
A Sonoma
County murder, committed at the height of anti-Chinese hysteria, inflamed
racial tensions across California in 1886. Not only did the crime furnish
all the elements of a truly sensational mystery, it dovetailed with anti-immigrant
passions similar to those today. Seizing on the lurid case, politicians
and newspaper editors flung aside any pretense of objectivity and fanned
the flames of ethnic hatred. When it came to inflammatory journalism,
the National Inquirer and "Hard Copy" had nothing on
California editors of the 1880's.
Bigotry seems
to have rearranged the evidence. The case involved Jesse C. Wickersham
and his wife, members
of a prominent Petaluma family. There's still a Wickersham building in
downtown Petaluma, built in 1910 on the site of Wickersham & Co.,
the first bank between Oregon and San Francisco. Jesse was the brother
of Isaac G. Wickersham, president of the Petaluma National Gold Bank and
one-time city council member. Jesse Wickersham was also a director of
the bank; in 1880 he had bought a sheep ranch 28 miles northwest of Healdsburg,
near today's Skaggs Springs Road.
On Jan. 21,
1886, a Thursday, some Italian woodcutters told neighbors the Wickershams
had not been seen for a few days. Neighbors, going over to investigate,
found the couple dead. Mr. Wickersham was slumped in his chair in the
dining room shot in the head and chest; his wife had also been shot. An
empty shotgun was found on the kitchen floor. Wickersham's watch was in
his pocket; Mrs. Wickersham's gold watch and chain were still in her bureau.
Sheriff Bishop, accompanied by Jesse's nephew Fred Wickersham, Marshal
Blume and Coroner King, were summoned by telegram. They took the evening
train north through Santa Rosa and rode out to the ranch the following
day to survey the crime scene and retrieve the bodies.
Conflicting
versions of the crime scene appeared in local papers over the next week.
Some of the discrepancies can be put down to faulty memory, but bigotry
seems to have rearranged the evidence retroactively. The first account
of the murder, in the Jan. 23 edition of Santa Rosa's Sonoma Democrat,
said Mrs. Wickersham's remains were found outside the house. Sheriff Bishop
also told the Democrat reporter the couple's Chinese cook was rumored
to have disappeared -- and was therefore a prime suspect.
Two days
later the other Santa Rosa paper, the Daily Republican, ran its
story, and circumstances of the murder had altered considerably.
Constable
Truitt related that he found Mrs. Wickersham, "in a chamber bound
with cords to the rails of the bed." Truitt freely describes the
actions of "the Chinaman," including how he shot the couple
and arranged the bodies, although there was no evidence of the cook's
guilt so far except his absence from the scene. The cook, Ah Tai, had
left his letters and money behind in his room -- proof, concluded the
paper, "that the Chinaman in his flight did not stop to take any
of his property."
Later editions
of the paper refined this story still further, asserting Mrs. Wickersham
was found neatly laid out on the bed, with a piece of cake placed on her
pillow in some sort of symbolic Chinese gesture -- supposedly further
evidence of the cook's guilt. The presence of the gold watch was taken
as proof that the object of the crime was not robbery, but rape. As for
the stale slice of cake, it developed a life of its own and was cited
repeatedly as a key piece of evidence in subsequent accounts of the crime.
The Wickershams
were buried in Petaluma on Jan. 25. The same day it was rumored the cook
had been apprehended in San Francisco, and the Daily Republican
announced that in Santa Rosa "lynching the brute was freely discussed"
-- if, that is, the citizens of Petaluma didn't beat them to it...
...J.W. Ragsdale,
owner of the Daily Republican, fulminated, "The tragedy that
occurred in the northwest portion of this county on Monday last, where
two of our most highly respected citizens, man and wife, were murdered
in cold blood by a Chinese fiend, has done much to increase the bitterness
against a race that are most wicked and inhuman. It only proves the assertion
that they have neither conscience, mercy or human feeling and think no
more of murdering a human being than they do killing a pig. They are monsters
in human form, cunning and educated therefore more dangerous and vile.
Let us get rid of them and at once."
A week later
Thomas L. Thompson's Sonoma Democrat weighed in: "The sentiment
against the Chinese runs high in consequence of this act of heathen brutality,
and the Chinese during yesterday kept in close quarters," said the
Jan. 30 Democrat -- not in an editorial but in the news story itself.
"Chinese cooks will find great difficulty in securing employment
in this section of the country hereafter."
However,
the Democrat's news story also introduced an intriguing element
that was soon pushed aside in the general hysteria: "the theory that
the deed was done by some one who purposely left evidence pointing toward
the Chinaman as the perpetrator of the crime." In that case, continued
the story, the real culprit also killed the hapless cook and hid his body
to focus suspicion on him.
The Democrat's
editorial on the same day harbored no such doubts:
"Whatever
fine spun theories may be invested to account for it, there is no doubt
in our mind that the Chinaman, Ah Tai, who was employed in the family
as a cook, and who disappeared as soon as the deed was committed, is the
guilty wretch."
Editors Thompson
and Ragsdale both parlayed their staunch anti-immigrant stances into political
gain. Thompson became California's Secretary of State and later a U.S.
Congressman. Ragsdale was appointed U.S. Consul to Tientsin, China, proving
that ignorance is no bar to political appointment. The ending of the case
bore an uncanny resemblance to the 1880 Marin tragedy...
...The one
element the Wickersham murders didn't provide was a tense courtroom drama,
because the accused never got to state his side of events. In fact, the
trajectory of the case was eerily similar to a murder in Marin County
in April 1880; the victim's Chinese cook had been promptly arrested and,
according to an account in the Sonoma Democrat, "strangled
himself in his cell." Whether Ah Tai knew about the Marin case or
not, and whether he was guilty or not, he was probably aware he didn't
stand much of a chance in the racial climate of 1880's California. He
wisely skipped town and made it to San Francisco. From there he slipped
onto the steamer Rio de Janeiro bound for Yokohama.
From here
on the accounts become clouded. The Sonoma Democrat reported on
Feb. 23, 1886 that U.S. detectives had captured Ah Tai in Yokohama and
were waiting for government papers before returning him to the U.S. Perhaps
the documentation fell through; perhaps he escaped. (Perhaps the man arrested
was not Ah Tai at all.) At any rate, Ah Tai was reported arrested in Hong
Kong a month later; accounts filtered across the Pacific that he had confessed
his guilt to the Chinese quartermaster of the ship from Yokohama. No less
an eminence than U.S. President Grover Cleveland signed papers requesting
the British government at Hong Kong release the prisoner to American representatives.
At the end
of April a steamer from Hong Kong brought news to San Francisco that Ah
Tai, while lodged in the city's Victoria Jail, had taken the cord from
his draw-string pants and hanged himself in his cell....
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